The Nordic subarctic-subalpine birch forest belt is unique to Fennoscandia, the Kola Peninsula, Iceland and southern Greenland. The area is characterized by ext

This work analyzes vegetation and soils, and investigates the influence of climate change, insect pests, grazing pressure by sheep and reindeer, construction of

This book provides an intriguing look at how life can adapt to many different extreme environments. It addresses the limits for life development and examines di

For more than 40 years I have been engaged in timberline research. Thus, one could suppose that writing this book should not have been too difficult. It was har

Phenology refers to recurring plant and animal life cycle stages, such as leafing and flowering, maturation of agricultural plants, emergence of insects, and mi