Drawing on numismatic, diplomatic, liturgical, and iconographic evidence, this book offers a comprehensive view of political signs, images, and fixed formulas i

St Oswald was the youngest of the three great monastic reformers of tenth-century England whose work transformed English religious, intellectual and political l

The Carolingian period (c. 750-900) has traditionally been described as one of ‘reform’ or ‘renaissance’, where cultural and intellectual changes were i

Penitential practice in the Holy Roman Empire 900-1050, examined through records in church law, the liturgy, monastic and other sources. This study examines all