According to nineteenth-century racial uplift ideology, African American women served their race best as reformers and activists, or as "doers of the word." In

The rise of both the empire of cotton and the empire of fashion in the nineteenth century brought new opportunities for sartorial self-expression to millions of

Examining how nineteenth-century Black women writers engaged radical reform, sentiment and their various readerships

Stories of liberation from enslavement or oppression have become central to African American women's literature. Beginning with a discussion of black women free

Popular and academic representations of the free mulatta concubine repeatedly depict women of mixed black African and white racial descent as defined by their s