Geoffrey, the illegitimate son of Henry II, was successively archdeacon and bishop-elect of Lincoln, royal chancellor, and (for 23 years) archbishop of York, fi

A study of the personal religion of King John, presenting a more complex picture of his actions and attitude.

This book investigates how bishops deployed reward and punishment to control their administrative subordinates in thirteenth-century England. Bishops had few ef

The secular clergy - priests and other clerics outside of monastic orders - were among the most influential and powerful groups in European society during the c