When the Ottomans commenced their modernizing reforms in the 1830s, they still ruled over a vast empire. In addition to today's Turkey, including Anatolia and T

At the turn of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire straddled three continents and encompassed extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity among the millions of

A lively and original study tracing the development of 'laziness' as a way to understanding emerging civic culture in the Ottoman Empire.

Up until the end of the eighteenth century, the way Ottomans used their clocks conformed to the inner logic of their own temporal culture. However, this began t

A lively and original study tracing the development of 'laziness' as a social problem in the Ottoman Empire over the long nineteenth-century. Hafez explores the