The moorlands of Gascony are often considered one of the most dramatic examples of top-down rural modernization in nineteenth-century Europe. From an area of op

The moorlands of Gascony were a place of dramatic rural modernisation in 19th-century France, transforming in one generation from open moors to the largest man-

Even though there were relatively few people of color in postrevolutionary France, images of and discussions about black women in particular appeared repeatedly

Modern hygienic urbanism originated in the airy boulevards, public parks, and sewer system that transformed the Parisian cityscape in the mid-nineteenth century

The Body in Time looks at two different genres in relation to the construction of femininity in late ninetheenth-century France: Degas's representation of balle