Download or read book Damage Prevention in the Transportation Environment (Classic Reprint) written by T. Robert Shives and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-05-03 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Damage Prevention in the Transportation Environment It should be remarked that the direct payment costs detailed above represent only a fraction of the total costs and that indirect costs to the railroad and shipper to process and handle claims can be asmuch as eight times the direct payment payment costs. Also, it should be emphasized that the costs which have been calculated are average or mean values (also called expected values in statistics). Therefore, one must be careful in interpreting these costs. The average cost for a particular event per coupling, per loaded trip) is calculated by taking the total costs for all events and dividing by the total number of events. Thus, the costs associated with any particular occurrence of an event may deviate significantly from the average cost; the average cost is actually surrounded by a statistical distribution of costs. For example, we estimate that the average 1978 L&D direct payment costs per hump yard coupling is approximately This does not mean that a 100 car sample would yield a L&D for each coup ling; the actual distribution may be 99 couplings having no loss and damage and one coupling having a cost of $91, for purposes of cost benefit economic analysis, where aggregate statistics are used, the use of average values should be relatively accurate. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.