Download or read book Development and Application of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) for the Conservation of Anuran Amphibians written by Aimee Jade Silla and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) encompass a range of techniques that manipulate reproductive endocrinology, gametes, and embryos, for the purpose of enhancing reproductive success. The emerging field of amphibian ART has gained momentum in recent years due to the alarming rate at which amphibians are declining worldwide. Current estimates report 30.3% (1,917) of amphibian species are threatened with extinction, a greater proportion than any other vertebrate class. In response to the amphibian extinction crisis, numerous institutions have initiated captive breeding programmes (CBPs). CBPs play a key role in maintaining populations of endangered species, but in most cases reproductive rates are too low to support long-term reintroduction programmes. A powerful new approach to ex situ conservation has emerged, where sophisticated ART techniques are coupled with traditional captive breeding methods in order to improve the propagation and genetic management of threatened vertebrate species. To date, few studies have attempted to apply ART to Australian anurans, and the success of such studies has been limited. This thesis aimed to advance our understanding of how to a) successfully control aspects of the amphibian endocrine system to promote gamete-release, and b) optimise artificial fertilisation (AF) protocols to maximise fertilisation success. Chapter 2 provides a direct comparison of the effectiveness of two exogenous hormones, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRHa) as inducers of spermiation in eight, previously unstudied Australian anurans. Importantly, this study was the first to investigate patterns in spermiation responses across species, and found that all species belonging to the family Myobatrachidae responded better to LHRHa, while species from the family Limnodynastidae released a greater number of spermatozoa in response to hCG. These results suggest that there may be a phylogenetic basis to the effectiveness of hCG and LHRHa at stimulating spermiation among species. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the refinement of gamete-release induction protocols for the terrestrial toadlet, Pseudophryne guentheri. Chapter 3, establishes an LHRHa dose-response relationship, and quantifies the effects of arginine vasotocin (AVT) administration on spermiation. LHRHa proved highly effective at inducing spermiation, however the administration of AVT alone or in combination with LHRHa resulted in the inhibition of sperm-release. Chapter 4 is an investigation of the effect of low-dose priming injections of LHRHa on spermiation and ovulation. In male P. guentheri, a single injection of LHRHa without priming was most effective at stimulating spermiation. In contrast, female P. guentheri failed to ovulate without priming, and one or two priming injections were needed to induce the release of an entire clutch of oocytes. Interestingly, oocytes obtained from females in the two priming treatment could not be fertilised, while those obtained from females in the one priming treatment exhibited consistently high fertilisation success. In Chapter 5, ART protocols were applied for the first time to a critically endangered Australia anuran, the Southern Corroboree Frog, Pseudophryne corroboree...