Download or read book Firebrand Waves of Digital Activism 1994-2014 written by Athina Karatzogianni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces four waves of upsurge in digital activism and cyberconflict. The rise of digital activism started in 1994, was transformed by the events of 9/11, culminated in 2011 with the Arab Spring uprisings, and entered a transformative phase of control and mainstreaming since 2013 with the Snowden affair.