Download or read book Irrigation and Gender Roles written by Satyendra Kumar Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper proposes and tests the hypothesis that the historical use of irrigation in agriculture has reduced female labor force participation and the level of female property rights, and has affected multiple other forms of gender bias and inequality. We provide evidence using five data sets: (i) ethnographic data from pre-modern societies (Standard Cross-Cultural Sample), (ii) cross-country data, (iii) individual level survey data on children of immigrants from multiple waves of the European Social Survey, (iv) individual level survey data on children of immigrants from multiple waves of the American Community Survey, and (v) individual level data from multiple waves of the India Demographic and Household Survey. We establish that already in pre-modern societies, irrigated agriculture was associated with women performing lighter and more domestic tasks, and believes of female inferiority. Next, we find a negative association between irrigation and more recent female labor force participation in cross-country data, among children of US immigrants, and in rural India. Moreover, the offspring of European immigrants with an ancestry associated with irrigation view female labor market participation less favorably. Finally, where use of irrigation is more widespread in rural India, females are more accepting of domestic violence. These results are robust to a host of control variables, including ancestral plow use and contemporary economic and social factors. We argue that two main mechanisms are behind our results. First, irrigation raised the relative labor productivity of males compared to females in agriculture, i.e. irrigated agriculture and brawn are complements. As females instead tended to perform more non-monetary domestic chores, over time this has produced a cultural preference against female participation in the formal labor market outside the home. Second, irrigation historically concentrated power in the hands of the elite which produced autocratic regimes. In turn, more autocratic regimes are associated with weaker property rights for women.